Developmental editors, line editors, copy editors, proofreaders: let's define!

  Developmental editors, line editors, copy editors, proofreaders: let's define!

This is how I define them:

Developmental editors: Comment on the story and how it is working (plot, characters, structure, theme). They may call out issues they see again and again (confusing dialogue, etc.). Usually their goal is not to turn a poorly written book into a bestseller; their goal is to help the writer make the book better depending upon that writer's current abilities. They do not rephrase language or fix grammar, but might call out patterns. They are story experts.

Line editor: Will rephrase your sentences so they are clearer, more effective, and more consistent. Line editing a novel is a big job, and the editor must make choices about how far they are going to go. They might also correct grammar at the same time. Their changes, once approved by the author, still need to be copy edited and/or proofread.

Copy editor: Assumes all of your language choices are deliberate, so does not make suggestions. They only correct actual errors. They also check facts, ensure continuity, and enforce style-guide conventions.

Proofreader: Should always be a second editor. A proofreader looks carefully at every character (letter, punctuation) to catch typos, misused words, wonky format, and any obvious grammar issues the other editor missed. They assume everything in the text is a deliberate choice and are only looking for true mistakes. When they proofread, often they don't (or can't) follow the actual story.

I know that everyone defines these terms differently, and people can offer services that are a mix. That's why I think it's important that when you are hiring an editor, you ask them to define, specifically, what tasks they plan to do and how many full reads they plan to make.